401 [058] Structural Geology (4). Prerequisite, ONE of the following introductory courses: GEOL 101, 103, 105, or 111. Introduction to the mechanical behavior and dynamic evolution of the Earth's crust through the study of deformed rocks. Includes weekend field trip to western North Carolina.

402 [057] Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (4). Prerequisites, GEOL 101 or 111, or equivalent; and GEOL 301. Introduction of principles involved in description and classification of sedimentary rocks and stratigraphic units as well as stratigraphic correlation. Students will be introduced to relationships of processes, depositional environments, and sedimentary facies.

403 [101] Oceanography (BIOL 350, ENVR 417, MASC 401) (3). Prerequisites, major in a natural science or at least two college-level courses in natural sciences. The origin of ocean basins, chemistry and dynamics of seawater, biological communities and processes, the sedimentary record, and the history of oceanography. Term paper. Intended for students with college science background; other students should consider GEOL 103.

404 [053] Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (4). Prerequisite, GEOL 301 or permission of instructor. Studies of the origin and evolution of igneous and metamorphic rocks, including microscopic, x ray, and field methods; volcanology; plate-tectonic interpretation of rock sequences. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week.

410 [111] Earth Processes in Environmental Systems (ENST 410, MASC 410) (4). See ENST 410 for description.

411 [112] Oceanic Processes in Environmental Systems (ENST 411, MASC 411) (4). See ENST 411 for description.

413 [137] Paleontology (4). Prerequisites, GEOL 101, 109, 111 or 159; GEOL 402 or 478; or permission of instructor. A field-oriented course on larger Ordovician through Pliocene fossil invertebrates in the central and eastern United States. Students develop a personal reference collection of over 250 genera and species, along with data of stratigraphy and biostratigraphy. Three lecture and two laboratory hours a week.

415 [116] Environmental Systems Modeling (ENST 415, ENVR 461, MASC 415) (3)[DC1]. See ENST 415 for description.

417 [138] Geomorphology (ENST 417) (3). Prerequisites, GEOL 101 or 111, and MATH 231, or permission of instructor. Introduction to process geomorphology with emphasis on quantitative interpretation of weathering, hill slope, fluvial, glacial, and eolian processes from topography and landscapes.

417L [138L] Geomorphology Laboratory (1). Pre- or corequisite, GEOL 417. Two laboratory hours per week.

421 [102] Archaeological Geology (ANTH 421) (3). Prerequisite, permission of instructor. The application of geological principles and techniques to the solution of archaeological problems. Geological processes and deposits pertinent to archaeological sites, geologic framework of archaeology in the southeastern United States, and techniques of archaeological geology and site analysis are studied. Field trips to three or more sites are conducted; written reports on geological aspects of the sites required.

422 [122] Physics of the Earth's Interior (PHYS 422) (3). Prerequisites, MATH 383, PHYS 201 or 301, and PHYS 311. Origin of the solar system: the nebular hypothesis. Evolution of the Earth and its acretionary history. Earthquakes, plate tectonics, and the interior of the Earth. The Earth's magnetic field. Mantle convection.

430 [125] Coastal Sedimentary Environments (MASC 430) (3). Prerequisite, GEOL 402. Introduction to modern shallow-water clastic environments and their sediments, emphasizing barrier islands, deltas, estuaries, wetlands, and tidal flats. Includes local field trips and discussion/application of data-collecting techniques.

431 [133] Micropaleontology (MASC 431) (4). Prerequisite, GEOL 478, MASC 440, or permission of instructor. An in-depth study of the biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and taxonomy of various microfossil groups (i.e., Foraminifera, ostracodes, conodonts, coccoliths, Radiolaria, diatoms, acritarchs, dinoflagellates, etc.) dependent upon individual student objectives. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week.

432 [134] Paleoclimatology (3). Prerequisite, GEOL 402 or permission of instructor. Introduction to mechanisms that drive climate. Examination of past climate reconstructions using ecological and geochemical proxies. Utility of computer models to reconstruct past climates and predict future climate change. Emphasis placed on late Quaternary.

433 [117] Paleoceanography (3). Prerequisites, GEOL 402 or GEOL 503 or permission of instructor. Origin and distribution of pelagic sediments. Review of the major Mesozoic and Cenozoic events in the world oceans. Glacial/interglacial changes in the ocean/atmosphere system.

434 [123] Marine Carbonate Environments (4). Prerequisite, permission of instructor. Chemical and biological origins of calcium carbonate, skeletal structure, and chemo-mineralogy, preservation, sedimentation, and early diagenesis are studied in a variety of deep and shallow environmental settings to understand skeletal genesis, limestone origin, and carbonate facies variability. Field trip to Florida, Bahamas, or Bermuda. Lab exercises; research report.

436 [130] Topics in Earth and Environmental Sciences (3). Key topics and resources for high school teachers preparing to teach earth and environmental sciences. Includes lithosphere, tectonic processes, hydrosphere, atmosphere, origin of solar system and life, and environmental stewardship.

440 [113] Principles of Seismology (3). Prerequisites, GEOL 101, 213, 401; MATH 231; or permission of instructor. Descriptive account of global seismology, earthquake distribution, and focal mechanics. Principles of geometrical optics and applications to imaging the Earth's interior. Principles of seismic prospecting of hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs.

450 [115] Biogeochemical Processes (ENST 450, ENVR 415, MASC 450) (4). See ENST 450 for description.

456 [157] Problems in Vertebrate Evolution (BIOL 456) (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 276 or permission of instructor. A study of the major transitions in vertebrate evolution and associated problems in evolutionary biology, structural change, paleoecology, biogeography and earth history, physiology and behavior.

478 [132] Invertebrate Paleontology (BIOL 478) (4). Prerequisite, GEOL 159 or BIOL 101, or permission of instructor. Introduction to the principles, methods of analysis, and major controversies within paleontology. Examination of the fossil record and its application to problems in evolutionary biology, paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and general Earth history.

480 [141] Modeling of Marine and Earth Systems (ENVR 460, MASC 480) (1-3). Prerequisite, MATH 232 or permission of instructor. Mathematical modeling of the dynamic system, linear and nonlinear. The fundamental budget equation. Case studies in modeling convective transport, biogeochemical process, population dynamics. Analytical and numerical techniques, chaos theory, fractal geometry.

483 [119] Geologic and Oceanographic Applications of Geographical Information Systems (MASC 483) (4). Prerequisites, four courses [GB2]or permission of instructor. Focus is on applying GIS concepts and techniques to mining and petroleum geology, resource assessment, hydrogeology, coastal and marine geology, physical oceanography, engineering geology, and a geologic perspective on land use. Three lecture and two laboratory hours a week.